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Gothic
The Gothic period, ranging from the 12th century to the 15th century is characterized by idealism and naturalism, where for example, sculptures in France of the gothic period show a dynamic variety of pose, detail, and articulation. The gothic style succeeded the Romanesque as the most popular contemporary art form in Europe, and prevailed in most countries. The term Gothic was originally used in the Renaissance as a disapproving word for the medieval style. Gothic is derived from the word Goths, who were the ‘barbarians' that invaded the Roman Empire between the 3rd and 5th centuries. Typical of the Gothic period are the inspiring groups of figures that flag entrances to great cathedrals. The figures are usually graceful and natural, and the emphasis on dynamic lines demonstrates the religious mysticism that dominated at the time. Smaller scale sculptures of the Gothic period are mainly a Virgin and Child theme, and are typically ivory with graceful poses and natural shapes. Other principle forms of the Gothic period are manuscript illumination and stained glass, whereas paintings were more rare. Gothic art was typically religious in nature, and is well known for its churches with arched designs, alongside the stained glass and illumination. Gothic art is followed by the International Gothic style, which is more secular and less religious based, which finally leads to the Renaissance. Famous Gothic artists include Nicola Pisano, Fra Guglielmo, Giottino, Stefano de Verona, Jean Malouel, Herman Limbourg, Henri Bellechose, and Peter Parler among a myriad of others.
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